GEOGRAPHY iv. Cartography of Persia – Encyclopaedia Iranica. GEOGRAPHYiv. CARTOGRAPHY OF PERSIAThe equivalent terms for carte and map in pre- modern Persian and Arabic were ṣūrat (configuration) and occasionally šakl (form), rasm (drawing), or naqš (painting, figure).
In contemporary Persian naqša denotes map, while ḵarīṭa in contemporary Arabic and harita in modern Turkish (< Gk xarti) is used (Harvey, 1. Harley and Woodward, I, p. Maqbul Ahmad, pp. The current Persian term for cartography is naqša- negārī. Cartography was usually defined as “the art and science of representing the Earth’s physical features graphically” (Encyclopaedia Britannica II, p.
Bagrow, p. 2. 2; Crone, p. In 1. 96. 4, for instance, the British Cartographic Society defined cartography as “the art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art.” In this context cartography covers all types of maps and globes representing the earth (terrestrial), including religious maps (e. Harley and Woodward, p. Wallis, pp. 1- 9.
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The political boundaries of Persia have been subjected to drastic changes in the course of history. This article deals with the more stable political boundaries of Persia in any historical epoch referred to here. Ancient times. The world’s oldest known topographical map is a Babylonian clay tablet from about 2.
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Geography Careers Resources. The Association of American Geographers (AAG). business cards 6th edition (PDF, 8 MB). Syllabus and Class information AP Study. The purpose of the AP Human Geography course is to. Students also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in. GEOGRAPHY. iv. CARTOGRAPHY OF PERSIA. The equivalent terms for carte and map in pre-modern Persian and Arabic were ṣūrat (configuration) and occasionally šakl.
B. C. E. found at Nuzi in northeastern Iraq (Figure 1). It is a relatively advanced picture map, showing two ranges of hills, as seen from the side, and the rivers they flank, by a series of parallel lines. The site covered by this map may have lain between the Zagros mountains and the hills running through Kirkuk (Harvey, pp. Harley and Woodward, I, p. Figure 1). The famous Babylonian world map from about 6. B. C. E., preserved in the British Museum, shows a number of cities and places in ancient Persia (Harley and Woodward, I, pp. A systematic study of the skies for calendarial and astrological purposes was begun probably in the earliest period of Babylonian history, some 3,0.
B. C. E. These studies produced star data of amazing quality and accuracy that are still of value to scientists (Brown, pp. Harley and Woodward, I, p. Apart from a number of clay tablets that have been found in this region, very little is known about the pre- Islamic cartography in Persia.
Greco- Roman mapping of Persia. The flourishing classical Greco- Roman cartography (6th cent. B. C. E. to 2nd cent.
C. E.) may have benefited from the cartographic traditions of ancient Middle East, although it has not yet been possible to tell how far the early Greeks had been aware of, or influenced by, Persian and Babylonian mapping (Harley and Woodward, I, p. Aristagoras (ca. 5. B. C. E.) had a map on which the regions to be crossed on the way from Ionia to Persia were shown.
This map was probably originally derived from the map of Anaximander (ca. B. C. E.), but it probably also drew on the road measurements compiled by the Persians for their imperial highways (Harley and Woodward, I, p. Persian royal roads see Herodotus, II, p. The original maps of this period have not survived. Judging from the much later reconstructed versions of them, one can determine that many cartographers, like Hecataeus (fl. B. C. E.), a scholar of Miletus (Bunbury, I, map facing p.
Dicaearchus (late 4th cent. B. C. E.), a disciple of Aristotle (Cortesao, I, fig. Eratosthenes (3rd cent. B. C. E.; Smith, world map), Strabo (6.
B. C. E. to 2. 1 C. E. or later; Bunbury, II, map facing p.
Figure 2), and many others, depicted the Persian Gulf as a wide bay, or an almost rectangular gulf, and the Caspian Sea as a deeper bay or a nearly round gulf, both lying either on the east side of the map or on the two opposite sides (south and north) and branching out of the encircling ocean. The rivers Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus are always clearly shown, and the Iranian plateau, lying in the center of these world maps, is usually not to scale. Some othe maps, however, such as the world map of Herodotus (Encyclopaedia Britannica II, p. Caspian as an inland sea.
Ptolemaic maps of Persia. It is believed that the original maps of Ptolemy have not survived. The oldest Greek codices that reached medieval Europe were from the 1. The first Latin translation of the Geographia /Cosmographia, directly from Greek, was completed in 1. Further manuscript copies appeared mainly during the first half of the 1. Ptolemy, 1. 99. 0, intro by L.
Pagani). The first printed edition of Geographia with maps appeared in Bologna in 1. Latin and some vernacular European languages, published mainly in Italy and Germany, until 1.
Tooley, pp. 6- 7). All the world maps of Ptolemy show the Persian Gulf (Sinus Persicus) in a nearly rectangular shape, placed almost on the correct latitude, and the Caspian (Mare Hyrcanum) as an inland sea and in an almost oval shape. Persia itself occupies a central position, similar to that in the earlier Greek maps.
The large scale regional fifth map of Asia shows Persia with its mountains, fairly correct, rivers, cities, etc. PLATE I). The sixth and seventh regional maps contain the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea as a whole (Ptolemy, 1.
However, neither the term Persia nor any other term to denote the name of the whole region appeared on these maps. Instead, Ptolemy included the names of the provinces of Persia: Assyria (northwest), Susiana (southwest), Media (north), Hyrcania (northeast), Parthia (east), Persis (south), and Carmania (southeast). In 1. 54. 8 when the Italian cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi published the first pocket- size atlas in Venice, entitled La Geographia Di Claudio Ptolemeo, he used the title “Persia Nova Tabula” as the name of the Persian empire as a whole (Alai, 1. European Medieval maps of Persia.
Ptolemy does not appear to have influenced later Roman and medieval cartography, which ignored his work and drew its information from earlier cartographic traditions (Ptolemy, 1. In well over a thousand world maps that have survived since the 7th century (Harvey, 1. Persia is shown in the center of Asia, usually oversized. Most of these medieval world maps, known as mappa mundi, were of T- O type, showing the world as a round plate, an “O,” divided in three sections by a “T” showing the three major waterways, namely the rivers Don and Nile and the Mediterranean Sea. These three sections represented the known continents of Asia covering the upper half, and Africa and Europe covering the lower half of the plate. As in ancient Greek maps, the Persian Gulf appeared on these medieval maps as a bay or gulf on the right side, and the Caspian as another gulf on the left side of Asia, both connected to the ocean surrounding the land masses.
The medieval world maps, based on the above cartographic tradition, include the maps by Isidore, the bishop of Seville (7th cent.), Henry of Mainz (1. Psalter and Ebstorf maps, the map by Richard de Bello (Hereford map, 1.
Higden and Pietro Vesconte (1. Nevertheless, a few maps, mainly of late 1. Catalan Atlas (1.
Fra Mauro map (1. Caspian as an inland sea, perhaps under the impact of the reappearing Ptolemaic maps. They showed the Caspian Sea much closer to its real shape, but not real position, and thus were superior to all Ptolemaic and later European maps before 1.
Caspian Sea in an oval shape (Harley and Woodward, I, plates 1. Harvey, 1. 99. 1, pp. The Peutinger map, drawn in the 1. Roman archetype, shows Persia in its sections 1.
This map covers Persida (Persia), Media Maior, Parria (Parthia), the Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf with numerous islands. The whole region is called Ariae. The distances from Ecbatana (q. Hamadān) up to the Indus have been given in Persian parasangs, i. Seleucid (3. 12- 6. B. C. E.) itinerary (Harley, p.
Tabula Peutingeriana, pp. Persian cartography during the early Islamic period. Persian geographers were the main contributors to the thriving field of cartography throughout the early Islamic period (8th to 1. The rapid expansion of Islam during the period of 6. Arabic as its official language (Brice, map on p. Arabic to flourish. It was only much later that scholarly works were translated into or produced in Persian.
Persians must have inherited some cartographic traditions from their pre- Islamic period, such as dividing the inhabited world into seven geographical regions as opposed to the Ptolemaic climate zones. In 8. 3/7. 02 the first known map made in the Islamic world (not extant), showing the region of Deylam, south of the Caspian Sea, was prepared for Ḥajjāj b. Yūsof (d. 9. 5/7. Islamic world (Ebn Faqīh, p.
In 8. 9/7. 07, he ordered a plan of Bukhara area to be used for the siege of the city (Ṭabarī, II, p. Abū Esḥāq Ḥabīb b.
Ebrāhīm Fazārī, a well- known astronomer in Baghdad (2nd/8th cent.), is reportedly the first person in Islam to make an astrolabe (Ebn al- Nadīm, ed. Flügel, I, p. 2. 73, ed.
Tajaddod, p. 3. 32, tr. Dodge, II, p. 6. 49). The ʿAbbasid caliphs Hārūn al- Rašīd and his son al- Maʾmūn were great patrons of learning. The first Islamic world map was constructed in this period in the Bayt- al- Ḥekma (House of wisdom) that al- Maʾmūn (1.
Baghdad in imitation of the academy of Jondēšāpūr. According to Masʿūdī (d.
Map of al- Maʾmūn (al- Ṣūrat al- maʾmūnīya), represented the world with its spheres, stars, lands and seas, the inhabited and uninhabited regions, settlements and peoples, cities, and was better than anything that preceded it, such as the geography of Ptolemy, Marinus, or any other (Tanbīh, p. Ebn Ḵordādbeh (fl. Persian geographers, produced in 2. Ketāb al- masālek wa’l mamālek, which is considered the foundation for the later Balḵī school of geography (Harley and Woodward, II/1, pp. Moḥammad b. Mūsā Ḵᵛārazmī’s (d. Ketāb ṣūrat al- arż was evidently influenced by Greek cartography, as it gives in a tabulated form the coordinates of the places according to the Ptolemaic climes.
The work must have been originally accompanied by regional maps of each of the climes, or by a single world map, but none of these appears to have survived.